This definition is disputable (due to its lack of clarity. Conclusions inferred from multiple observations may be tested by additional observations. The conclusion may be correct or incorrect, or correct to within a certain degree of accuracy, or correct in certain situations. The process by which a conclusion is inferred from multiple observations is called inductive reasoning. 4.3 Bayesian statistics and probability logic.
Statistical inference uses quantitative or qualitative ( categorical) data which may be subject to random variations. This generalizes deterministic reasoning, with the absence of uncertainty as a special case. Statistical inference uses mathematics to draw conclusions in the presence of uncertainty. how humans draw conclusions) is traditionally studied within the fields of logic, argumentation studies, and cognitive psychology artificial intelligence researchers develop automated inference systems to emulate human inference. Various fields study how inference is done in practice. A third type of inference is sometimes distinguished, notably by Charles Sanders Peirce, contradistinguishing abduction from induction. Induction is inference from particular evidence to a universal conclusion.
Deduction is inference deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true, with the laws of valid inference being studied in logic. Inference is theoretically traditionally divided into deduction and induction, a distinction that in Europe dates at least to Aristotle (300s BCE). Inferences are steps in reasoning, moving from premises to logical consequences etymologically, the word infer means to "carry forward". ( April 2010) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations.
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